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Discussion: #BlackDon'tCrack (Unless it's Chapped)
Member Since: 4/7/2009
Posts: 34,961
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Quote:
Originally posted by iHypeMusic
Aren't all the guys over 18+ in this thread not at college level anywayz. 
You'd be good checking it yourself. |
Don't you dare.
Worry about obtaining a HS diploma, living past the age of 18 as a black man without having a rap sheet and little bad ass kids running around before you can come for us. Okay, Daquan? Lets see you do that. Cause we made it!
On a side note I will be the first male in my family that moved to the states, to actually finish college and graduate from college. Woot! 
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Member Since: 9/9/2012
Posts: 59,872
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Quote:
Originally posted by MP2K
Don't you dare.
Worry about obtaining a HS diploma, living past the age of 18 as a black man without having a rap sheet and little bad ass kids running around before you can come for us. Okay, Daquan? Lets see you do that. Cause we made it!
On a side note I will be the first male in my family that moved to the states, to actually finish college and graduate from college. Woot! |
I'm Eric*, and I am currently in High School, taking Honors Classes and getting credits early.
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Member Since: 9/9/2012
Posts: 59,872
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Quote:
Originally posted by KB.
I don't think they're all complete idiots even though they act like it. Most of them have or are in the process of obtaining a degree.
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Education Connection does wonders 
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Member Since: 11/11/2010
Posts: 11,240
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Good for y'all getting a education I had to drop out of college I can barley multiply and divide.
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Member Since: 5/17/2010
Posts: 21,708
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Banned
Member Since: 10/1/2011
Posts: 15,669
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bitch who you love
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Member Since: 4/7/2009
Posts: 34,961
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Donte don't worry you can come live with me bro.
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Member Since: 12/3/2010
Posts: 19,759
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Quote:
Originally posted by princedonte
Good for y'all getting a education I had to drop out of college I can barley multiply and divide.
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I'm not gonna lie. I'm a college senior and if you threw 3-4th grade math in front of me right now I'd probably scream. 
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Member Since: 11/17/2011
Posts: 52,363
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I'd read it for you Kendra
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Banned
Member Since: 10/28/2011
Posts: 21,283
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Quote:
Originally posted by princedonte
Good for y'all getting a education I had to drop out of college I can barley multiply and divide.
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A hot wet mess.
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Member Since: 8/4/2012
Posts: 7,700
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Have any of you guys taken Microbiology in college? Is it insanely difficult? 
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Member Since: 5/18/2011
Posts: 17,136
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Quote:
Originally posted by ECNEICSNOC
Have any of you guys taken Microbiology in college? Is it insanely difficult? |
I'm in Microbiology right now and it's not that bad; however, they offer 2 levels: one for nursing students and one for biology majors. I'm in the upper level one for biology majors. As a biology major, I've also taken genetics and cell biology and a lot of stuff we go over in Micro is just regurgitated from our previous classes.
It's a lot of info, but it isn't insanely difficult. I actually like it.
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Member Since: 4/7/2009
Posts: 34,961
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Im loving Accounting. Woo let me switch my major.
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Member Since: 5/18/2011
Posts: 17,136
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Quote:
Originally posted by Sinister
I'd read it for you Kendra
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Quote:
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the rare congenital birth defect diphallia, the malformation of a male being born with some form of a duplicated penis. The condition is so rare that the majority of the general population aren’t even aware that it actually exists and most healthcare providers and scientists are still ambiguous to its profile. Extensive research and findings will shed light on the disorder in hopes to deliver a better understanding on how it forms, what complications it may cause, and how a male living with the disorder will function in everyday life. Though these individuals are rare, it’s important that awareness for their struggle be risen.
INTRODUCTION
Congenital birth defects affect an estimated 1 out of 33 infants every single year1. Most result in some type of physical or mental handicap while more extreme cases may actually result in death. These abnormalities and disorders are usually caused by genetics, infection, the surrounding environment, or a combination1. Whatever the case, they can produce a variety of unique cases and individuals. Diphallia is an extremely rare congenital condition in which a male is born with two penes. The anomaly is often comorbid with a wide array of other congenital disorders and can cause a multitude of health problems2.
The term Diphallia comes from the Greek prefix di- meaning “two”, “twice”, or “double” and the Greek noun phallos meaning penis. It literally translates to two penis. The anomaly goes by a plethora of different names including, but not limited to: Double Penis, Bifid Penis, Diphallic Terata, and Diphallaparatus3. It’s extremely rare. In fact, it has a prevalence of approximately 1 and 5.5 million live births4. The first documented case was reported in 1609, by Swiss physician Johannes Jacob Wecker in Bologna Italy2. Since, there have been generally about 100 (or 1000 depending on source) cases reported throughout the world5. It’s so rare that many are unaware that it actually exists and therefore presume it’s some sort of absurd old wives’ tale. Those who are aware that it actually exists sometimes take a keen interest to it to the point where that’s developed into a fetish genre of ****.
ETIOLOGY
Because the malformation is so rare, it’s still very controversial and under research as to exactly how it develops; however, a few theories have been made. A few reported cases have thought to have been a result of the infant carrying the remnants of a parasitic twin, that is, when a viable infant carries an asymmetrical portion of its dependent counterpart. Relatively, with an infant with penile duplication, it’s more of a matter of chance that he inherited his dependent brother’s external genitalia. The phenomenon of heterophagus, or parasitic twin, is rare in itself, occurring in an estimated 1 and 1 million live births6. Dipygus, an even rarer subtype of heterophagus in which the lower extremities (including the external genitalia) of the parasite are formed and projected onto the viable twin, is thought to be the reason behind many cases of diphallia6.
Another premise thought to be a contributing to the development of diphallia occurs in between the 23rd and 25th days of fetal development when the urogenital sinus separates from the genital tubercle and rectum to form the penis. Injury to homeobox genes, genes which direct the formation of many embryonic body structures, may inhibit the caudal germ cells of the fetal mesoderm from developing properly. Because of this, comorbidity with spinal bifida and renal, vertebral, and rectal defects are often reported. This malfunction may also be contributed to by chemical teratogens or fetal injury. As aforementioned, the cause of the disorder is still unclear, but many physicians partially support the hypothesis of the cause being faulty migration of the urogenital sinus from the genital tubercle3-5, 7-8, 10.
DIAGNOSIS
Considering that diphallia is usually comorbid with other congenital conditions and/or malformations, many extensive tests have to be ran to measure the severity of the disorder and whether it inhibits normal function. These tests may include a combination of: pelvic ultrasounds, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), intravenous pyelograms, distal colostograms, urethrocystoscopy, karyotypes, analysis of tissue cultures, bioassays, and others7. Pelvic ultrasounds and MRIs are used to reveal the presence or absence of internal organs or glands as well as corpora cavernosa and a corpus spongiosum in both penes8. Patients with diphallia often have duplications elsewhere as well. Intravenous pyelograms use a contrast dye to observe any abnormalities in the urinary system. Distal colostograms are used to detect anorectal malformations. Karyotypes are used to rule out chromosomal abnormalities and usually show normal male genotype, 46 XY, for males with penile duplication5. Bioassays are performed to measure hormone levels in the blood serum.
Many conclusions in the diagnosis of penile duplication can be made by physician observation and physical examination. The presence of a glans and an urethral orifice on the less prominent penis are among the first things to be noted. If there is an urethral orifice then further tests such as urethrocystoscopy and catherization will be used to determine whether the duplicate urethra is complete7. The location of the urethral meatus is also a factor. Hypospadias and epispadias are common9. The scrotum (often bifid as well) is also palpated for the occupancy of testes 5, 10.
SYMPTOMS AND COMPLICATIONS
Diphallia is highly variable. In fact, it’s been stated that no two cases are the same. The disorder has been divided into three (sometimes four) different subtypes: diphallus of the glans alone where there are two glans that share a common shaft; bifid diphallus where only one corporus cavernosum is present in each penis; and complete diphallia where the individual has two complete phalluses each with 2 corpora cavernosa11. Pseudodiphallia is sometimes used to describe cases if complete diphallia that involves the duplicate penis being smaller than the dominant one11. These classifications alone aren’t inclusive. For example, one male with complete diphallia could have two fully functioning penes complete with two functioning urethras while another with the same diagnosis could only have one functioning penis with one functioning urethra. Duplication is normally on the traverse plane and rarely seen vertically10. Some are able to ejaculate while others aren’t.
Cases reported throughout literature include individuals with duplicate bladders and exstrophy, spinal bifida, anorectal malformations or imperforate anus, abnormalities in skeletal and cardiac muscles, erectile dysfunction and pubis symphysis diastasis2-5, 7-8, 10-12. Because of this issue with comorbidity, diphallia patients are often subject to many other health risks, handicaps, and have a higher risk of death in relation to their higher risk of infection. In cases with anorectal malformations or imperforate anuses, individuals may have difficulty voiding their stools if at all. Often, in anorectal malformations, the rectum may form a fistula with the urinary or reproductive tracts emptying feces into these tracts8, 10. This causes an increase in the risk for urinary tract and other infections and is corrected immediately after birth. Pubis symphysis diastasis occurs when the pelvic bones don’t fuse together1. Instead, they are separate and cause a lot of movement of the pelvic bones. In some cases of complete diphallia, each penis may be attached to each pelvic bone. This will present problems during surgical excision to repair the condition.
There are those, however, whom go on to lead normal, healthy lives. In a recently reported case, the individual stated that his life was completely normal other than the fact that he had two penes. His only complications were the skin being sensitive around the area where his two shafts join at the base and him having to ejaculate at least once a day or running the risk of prostatitis. Because he has two fully functioning penes, when they are stimulated, his prostate secretes enough fluid to compensate both. This causes a buildup of excess fluid as well as for his prostate, which is larger than normal, to be overworked. He has two complete urethrae to which he can urinate and ejaculate out of both; however, one is narrower and periodically presents problems. Doctors have stated that he is an anomaly for a person with this condition and most patients aren’t as fortuitous.
TREATMENT
In that cases of penile duplication vary per individual, treatment be determined per individual as well in order to maintain continence and erectile function. Most treatments are done neonatal or in early childhood either because it’ll sustain life and/or to avoid adversity in the future. Surgical repair to form one complete penis and/or excision of the lesser is the most popular and necessary form. The surgery performed may vary by physician as well. In some bifid diphallia cases (where each shaft has only one corpus cavernosum) physicians may opt to surgically combine the two separate corpora and form one complete phallus*. Usually other surgeries accompany excision and/or surgical repair of the phalli to reverse the other abnormalities that usually coincide diphallia. This may include (but not limited to) a colostomy to repair anorectal malformations, excision of duplicate bladders and other duplicate body parts, urethroplasty to repair stricture in, hypospadias, or incomplete urethrae, and fusion of the pelvic bones in cases of pubis symphysis diastasis*.
Some, such as in the case presented earlier, choose to opt out of surgery and embrace what they consider to be a “gift”. This is rare, however, because in most cases repair improves overall quality of life and isn’t really an option. Treatment may reduce chances of infection and/or death. It’s also important to consider social and societal norms and how a male with two penes will be observed by others.
PROGNOSIS
Because cases of diphallia are so rare and vary so much, it’s hard to give one definite outcome. It, ultimately, depends on the severity of the case and the individual. The results of surgery vary. Some individuals respond excellently and gain full erectile function and can even be fertile, while others experience dysfunction and are sterile12. There are reported instances of death, but most stem from complications in surgery in relation to comorbidities and/or infection. Because of the complexity in the urinary and reproductive system as well as abnormalities in the colon and anus, patients with diphallia often fall victim to urinary and rectal infections13. With that being said, individuals don’t die from diphallia, but can succumb from comorbidities or complications associated with it.
CONCLUSION
Diphallia is an ambiguous yet intriguing condition. Its rarity contributes to that, but also the fact that it varies on such a wide spectrum. Though it is rare and won’t affect many, it’s still important to continue researching the abnormality.
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Still working on my conclusion, but it's pretty much done.
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Banned
Member Since: 10/1/2011
Posts: 15,669
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Member Since: 8/6/2012
Posts: 20,242
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Quote:
Originally posted by Chrome
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ddd no. The mess that would ensue would be ginormous.
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Member Since: 5/18/2011
Posts: 17,136
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Quote:
Originally posted by I Am Music
ddd no. The mess that would ensue would be ginormous.
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Exactly, so make it. I'm here for the ****ery.
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Member Since: 8/6/2012
Posts: 20,242
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Quote:
Originally posted by KB.
Exactly, so make it. I'm here for the ****ery.
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Member Since: 5/28/2010
Posts: 29,225
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Quote:
Originally posted by Chrome
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I don't speak BioChem. What does this mean?
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Member Since: 8/6/2012
Posts: 20,242
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Quote:
Originally posted by Mr. Deuces
I don't speak BioChem. What does this mean?
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Whites are more underdeveloped than asians and blacks.
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